OPTIMIZATION OF DONNAN DIALYSIS FOR ALUM RECOVERY USING BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN

Dennis Asante-Sackey; Sudesh Rathilal; Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh; Lingam Pillay

doi:10.12955/cbup.v6.1286

Dennis Asante-Sackey Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology
Sudesh Rathilal Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology
Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology
Lingam Pillay Faculty of Engineering, Stellenbosch University

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1286

Keywords: Alum recovery, Donnan dialysis, residuals, ion exchange

Abstract

Most potable water treatment plants use aluminium salts as coagulants. This generates a lot of treatment residue which consist of a high amount of aluminium in the residue matrix. Recovery of the alum-coagulant from the potable water treatment for reuse provides direct process and economic advantages. Donnan Dialysis is an ion exchange process that has a proven advantage in coagulant recovery. The commercial application of this process requires bench scale optimization before implementation. In this study, a response surface methodology is applied to the Donnan system. Incorporated with the Box-Behnken experimental matrix, the main and interactional effects of input variables for optimum alum recovery was determined. The Nafion 117 cation exchange membrane was used. Using experimental results, the quadratic statistical module generated was significant with a low P-value (<0.001). The statistical prediction from experimental results shows that high recoveries of 85-96% can be achieved.

References

Ahmad, T., Ahmad, K., & Alam, M. (2016). Sustainable management of water treatment sludge through 3’R’ concept. Journal of Cleaner Production, 124, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.073

Babatunde, A. O., & Zhao, Y. Q. (2007). Constructive Approaches Toward Water Treatment Works Sludge Management: An International Review of Beneficial Reuses. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 37(2), 129–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380600776239

Baker, R. W. (2012). Membrane Technology and Application. Membrane Technology (3rd ed.). West Sussex-UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0958211896901330

Davis, T. A. (2000). Donnan Dialysis. In Membrane Separations (Vol. 2, pp. 1701–1707). Annandale-NJ: Academic Press.

Evuti, A. M., & Lawal, M. (2011). Recovery of coagulants from water works sludge : A review. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(6), 410–417.

Jiang, J. Q. (2015, May). The role of coagulation in water treatment. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2015.01.008

Keeley, J., Jarvis, P., & Judd, S. J. (2012). An economic assessment of coagulant recovery from water treatment residuals. Desalination, 287, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.013

King, P. H., Chen, B. H. H. C., & Weeks, Jr., R. K. (1975). Recovery and Reuse of Coagulants from Treatment of Water and Wastewater. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, (77), 15782. Retrieved from https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/25734/WRRC_Bull_77.pdf?sequence=1

Łukasiewicz, E. (2016). Post-coagulation sludge management for water and wastewater treatment with focus on limiting its impact on the environment. Economic and Environmental Studies, 16(4), 831–841. Retrieved from www.ees.uni.opole.pl

Masschelein, W. J., Devleminck, R., & Genot, J. (1985). The feasibility of coagulant recycling by alkaline reaction of aluminium hydroxide sludges. Water Research, 19(11), 1363–1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(85)90302-1

Napoli, L., Lavorante, M. J., Franco, J., Sanguinetti, A., & Fasoli, H. (2013). Effects on nafion® 117 membrane using different strong acids in various concentrations. Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, 16(3), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v16i3.4

Niquette, P., Monette, F., Azzouz, A., & Hausler, R. (2004). Impacts of substituting aluminum-based coagulants in drinking water treatment. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 39(3), 303–310. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.575.8197&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Petruzzelli, D. (1998). Aluminum recovery from water clarifier sludges by ion exchangeComparison of strong and weak electrolyte cation resins performances. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 38(2–3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-5148(97)00155-7

Petruzzelli, D., Volpe, A., Limoni, N., & Passino, R. (2000). Coagulants removal and recovery from water clarifier sludge. Water Research, 34(7), 2177–2182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00357-7

Prakash, P., Hoskins, D., & SenGupta, A. K. (2004). Application of homogeneous and heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes in coagulant recovery from water treatment plant residuals using Donnan membrane process. Journal of Membrane Science, 237(1–2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.03.016

Prakash, P., & SenGupta, A. K. (2003). Selective Coagulant Recovery from Water Treatment Plant Residuals Using Donnan Membrane Process. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(19), 4468–4474. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030371q

Teh, C. Y., & Wu, T. Y. (2014). The potential use of natural coagulants and flocculants in the treatment of urban waters. In J. . Yong, P. Y. Liew, J. J. Klemes, & P. S. Varbanov (Eds.), Chemical Engineering Transactions (pp. 1603–1608). Prague: AIDIC: Italian Association of Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1439268

Tettheh, E. K., Rathilal, S., & Chollom, M. N. (2017). Pre-treatment of industrial mineral oil wastewater using response surface methodology. In WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment (Vol. 216, pp. 181–191). WIT Press. https://doi.org/10.2495/WS170171

Ulmert, H., & Särner, E. (2005). The ReAl Process – A combined membrane and precipitation process for recovery of Aluminum from waterwork sludge. Vatten, 61, 273–281. Retrieved from http://www.tidskriftenvatten.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/48_article_2376.pdf